Scalp Seborrheic Dermatitis: What We Know So Far

Area of Science:

• Dermatology
• Dermatopathology
• Microbiology

Background:

• Scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SSD) is a prevalent, chronic, and relapsing inflammatory skin condition.
• Its etiology involves sebum production, bacterial proliferation (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Malassezia restricta), and host immune factors (NK1+, CD16+ cells, IL-1, IL-8).

Purpose of the Study:

• To review and discuss the etiology, pathophysiology, trichoscopic and histopathologic findings, differential diagnoses, and therapeutic options for scalp seborrheic dermatitis.

Main Methods:

• Literature review and synthesis of existing research on scalp seborrheic dermatitis.
• Analysis of diagnostic criteria, including trichoscopy and histopathology.
• Evaluation of current and novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

• Trichoscopy commonly shows arborizing vessels and yellowish scales, with newer findings including dandelion vascular conglomerate, "cherry blossom" pattern, and intrafollicular oily material.
• Etiology is multifactorial, involving microbial and immune system components.
• Antifungals and corticosteroids are primary treatments, with new options emerging.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the multifactorial etiology and characteristic trichoscopic findings aids in diagnosing scalp seborrheic dermatitis.
• Comprehensive management requires addressing inflammation, microbial factors, and considering novel therapeutic approaches.