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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Free-Association Session Scale: factor structure and preliminary validity test.

Rachele Mariani1, Cinzia Di Monte1, Luca Caricati2

  • 1Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies "Sapienza", University of Rome, Rome, Italy.

Frontiers in Psychology
|June 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Free-Association Session Scale (FASS) effectively measures psychoanalytic session dynamics, distinguishing between "Perturbing" and "Associativity" factors. This new tool offers reliable assessment of the fundamental rule in psychoanalysis.

Keywords:
clinician measurefree-associationpsychoanalysispsychotherapy processquality session

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Clinical Assessment

Background:

  • Freud's fundamental rule (1912) of free association remains central to psychoanalysis.
  • Existing theoretical models preserve this core concept, highlighting its invariant nature.
  • A validated instrument is needed to objectively assess the fundamental rule in clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a new clinician-assessed instrument, the Free-Association Session Scale (FASS).
  • To measure the application and impact of the fundamental rule in psychoanalytic sessions.
  • To establish the psychometric properties of the FASS.

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) on a sample of 281 Italian psychoanalysts to identify FASS factors.
  • Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on an independent sample of 259 psychoanalysts to cross-validate the factor structure.
  • Concurrent validity assessed using the Session Evaluation Questionnaire (SEQ) and linguistic measures of the Referential Process.

Main Results:

  • Two factors were identified: Perturbing and Associativity.
  • The two-factor model demonstrated a close fit in CFA, with good reliability for FASS items.
  • Perturbing correlated negatively with session depth, smoothness, and positivity, indicating complexity.
  • Associativity correlated positively with all SEQ factors (depth, smoothness, positivity, arousal), indicating engagement.

Conclusions:

  • The FASS is a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing psychoanalytic session quality.
  • The FASS reliably measures the clinician's assessment of the fundamental rule's application.
  • This scale offers a promising tool for research and clinical evaluation in psychoanalysis.