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Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
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Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

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Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
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Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

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The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

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Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Exploring Press Needle Efficacy and Underlying Molecular Pathways
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Update on pharmacotherapy for dry eye.

Divya Manohar1,2, Roni M Shtein1

  • 1University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|June 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacologic treatments for dry eye disease (DED) are expanding, with both existing and novel therapies available. Ongoing research continues to broaden treatment options for patients suffering from DED.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Dry eye disease (DED) is a prevalent ocular surface condition affecting millions globally.
  • Current management strategies for DED encompass artificial tears, anti-inflammatory agents, and secretagogues.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current literature on pharmacologic interventions for DED.
  • Emphasis is placed on recently approved and emerging therapeutic agents.
  • The review evaluates the efficacy and safety profiles of various treatment modalities.

Key Points:

  • Established treatments for DED include cyclosporine, lifitegrast, and corticosteroids.
  • Novel pharmacologic approaches target different pathways involved in DED pathogenesis, such as neuroinflammation and meibomian gland dysfunction.
  • Emerging therapies aim to provide more targeted and effective relief for DED symptoms and signs.

Conclusions:

  • A diverse range of pharmacologic treatments is available for managing DED.
  • Continuous research and development are expanding the therapeutic landscape for DED.
  • Future advancements promise improved outcomes and personalized treatment strategies for DED patients.