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Area of Science:

  • Quantum fluid dynamics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Bose-Einstein condensates

Background:

  • Bose fluids at zero temperature are typically fully superfluid.
  • Galilean invariance is a key principle for superfluid behavior.
  • External potentials can break symmetries in quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the reduction of superfluid density in Bose-Einstein condensates.
  • Understand the impact of broken Galilean invariance on superfluidity.
  • Quantify the superfluid fraction under specific conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical investigation of a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate.
  • Experimental study using a 1D periodic potential.
  • Determination of superfluid fraction via Leggett's bound and sound velocity anisotropy.

Main Results:

  • Superfluid density is quenched by breaking translational invariance.
  • Leggett's bound and sound velocity anisotropy yield consistent superfluid fractions.
  • A large-period lattice highlights the role of two-body interactions.

Conclusions:

  • External periodic potentials significantly reduce superfluid density.
  • Two-body interactions play a crucial role in superfluidity within periodic potentials.
  • The study provides a consistent method for determining superfluid fractions.