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Changes in Personality Before and During Cognitive Impairment.

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Personality traits change during cognitive impairment, with decreases in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. These changes accelerate as dementia progresses, impacting behavior and emotions.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Retrospective studies suggest personality changes in individuals with cognitive impairment or dementia.
  • The precise timing and extent of these personality alterations remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To prospectively examine the trajectories of the five major personality traits before and during the onset of cognitive impairment.
  • To understand how personality changes evolve across different stages of cognitive decline.

Main Methods:

  • A longitudinal observational cohort study involving 22,611 older adults from the Health and Retirement Study.
  • Participants completed personality assessments every four years from 2006 to 2020, alongside cognitive impairment evaluations.
  • Multilevel modeling was employed to analyze personality changes, controlling for demographics and age-related norms.

Main Results:

  • Before detectable cognitive impairment, slight decreases were observed in extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.
  • During cognitive impairment, all five personality traits showed accelerated changes: neuroticism increased, while extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness decreased.
  • The rate of personality change was significantly steeper during cognitive impairment compared to preclinical stages.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive impairment is linked to detrimental personality shifts in both preclinical and clinical phases.
  • Observed personality changes are too small and inconsistent before impairment to reliably predict dementia onset.
  • The accelerated personality changes during cognitive decline may contribute to the behavioral and psychological symptoms seen in dementia.