New spectrophotometric and smartphone-based colorimetric methods for determination of atenolol in pharmaceutical...

Novel spectrophotometric and smartphone-based colorimetric methods were developed and validated for the estimation of atenolol (ATE) in pharmaceutical formulations. The measurement procedure is based on the de-diazotization reaction, in which ATE is able to inhibit the diazotized sulfanilic acid from reacting with 8-hydroxy quinoline (8-HQ) in a basic medium. As a result, the formation of red-orange color azo-dye is hindered, and the color intensity is decreased proportionally to concentration of ATE. In spectrophotometric method the azo-dye color fate was monitored at 495 nm. While in smartphone-based colorimetric (SBC) method the captured image in the design processed by RGB App and transferred to the absorbance. The reactant concentrations were optimized using a central composite design (CCD) and response surface method. The methods exhibit good linearity in the 8.0 to 60.0 µg mL^-1 range with no significant effect of interferences. The spectrophotometric method yields a linear equation with a slope of 0.0187 (R² = 0.9993), a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.28 µg mL^-1, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 4.28 µg mL^-1. On the other hand, the smartphone-based colorimetric (SBC) method demonstrates a linear equation with a slope of 0.0127 (R² = 0.9965), an LOD of 2.13 µg mL^-1, and an LOQ of 7.09 µg mL^-1. Analyzing ATE in pharmaceutical tablets was utilized to validate the applicability of the developed methods, and the results were statistically compared with those obtained by the HPLC method using the t-test and F-test.