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Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Determination of Biofilm Initiation on Virus-infected Cells by Bacteria and Fungi
Published on: July 6, 2016
Interactions of the bacteriome, virome, and immune system in the nose
Matthew Flynn1,2, Zinnia Lyall1, Gwendolyn Shepherd1
1University of Edinburgh, Medical School, College of medicine and vetinary medicine, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinrburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
Emerging evidence suggests that the nasal microbiome may influence host susceptibility to initial development and severity of respiratory viral infections. While not as extensively studied as the microbiota of the alimentary tract, it is now clearly established that the microbial composition of this niche is influenced by medical, social and pharmacological influences, predisposing some sub-populations to respiratory infections. The resulting specific microbial profiles may explain variance in susceptibility to viral infection. This review summaries the evolution and constituents of the commensal nasal microbiome; the bacterial-virus, bacterial-host and interbacterial interactions which potentiate disease; and considers the effects of interventions such as vaccination and probiotics.
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