Cardiac Structure and Function in Young Adults With Various Cardiometabolic Profiles

Background Cardiovascular diseases are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Cardiometabolic abnormalities result in alterations in the myocardial structure and function. Limited data are available on these changes in young adults with various cardiometabolic risk profiles. The goal was to study the relationship between cardiometabolic risk and echocardiographic changes in young patients of both sexes in a Russian population, using a risk-based cardiometabolic disease staging (CMDS) system. Methods A total of 191 patients were included. The patients were classified into five groups based on the CMDS system. We gathered patient history and performed a physical exam, biochemical blood analysis, and echocardiography. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 23 (Released 2015; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States). Results The median age of the participants was 35 (30.0-39.0) years. Elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure and hypertriglyceridemia were more frequent (p < 0.05) in males than in females. An increase in the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) and a decrease in the ejection fraction were noted from CMDS 0 to 3. The EDV and ESV were associated with most cardiometabolic risk factors and strongly correlated with the visceral fat level, waist circumference, and body mass index. We identified a new subgroup as CMDS 3-overly high in patients with CMDS 3 and an excess level of visceral fat. Conclusion When designing strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention in young adults apart from CMDS parameters, bioimpedance analysis should be considered to assess the level of visceral fat, especially in individuals with CMDS 3 because they are at a higher risk of cardiac chamber enlargements. These results can be used to identify new dominants or phenotypes of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.