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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

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Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

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Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
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Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.6K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
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Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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High efficiency carbon nanotubes-based single-atom catalysts for nitrogen reduction.

Wei Liu1, Kai Guo1, Yunhao Xie1

  • 1College of Optical, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.

Scientific Reports
|June 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study explores carbon nanotube-based catalysts for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). TcN3@(8,0) CNT shows excellent performance, driven by strong N2-Tc interactions, offering a promising alternative for sustainable ammonia production.

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Area of Science:

  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Carbon-based single-atom catalysts (SACs) are promising for electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR).
  • Research on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-based NRR catalysts is limited.
  • CNT curvature influences catalytic active centers and NRR performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the effect of CNT curvature on NRR catalytic performance.
  • Screen transition metal-based SACs on CNTs for efficient NRR.
  • Identify optimal CNT-supported SACs for sustainable ammonia synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were employed.
  • Twenty transition metal atoms (Sc-Pt) were embedded into zigzag (8,0) CNTs via N3 groups.
  • Electrocatalytic performance for NRR and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • CNT curvature significantly affects spin polarization, N2 activation, and energy barriers.
  • TcN3@(8,0) CNT was identified as the top-performing catalyst with a low onset potential of -0.53 V.
  • The high performance is attributed to strong d-2π* interaction between N2 and Tc, with superior NRR selectivity over HER.

Conclusions:

  • CNT curvature is a critical factor in designing efficient NRR catalysts.
  • TcN3@(8,0) CNT is a highly promising electrocatalyst for NRR.
  • This work provides insights for developing novel low-dimensional carbon-based NRR catalysts.