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Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...

Epistasis

Epistasis

In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...

Lethal Alleles

Lethal Alleles

Agouti: A Lethal Allele
Lucien Cuénot discovered lethal alleles in 1905 while studying the inheritance of coat color in mice. The agouti gene is responsible for the color of the coat in mice. This gene codes for an agouti-signaling protein, which is responsible for melanin distribution in mammals. The wild-type allele gives rise to gray-brown coat color in mice, while the mutant allele gives rise to yellow coat color. In addition to coat color, the agouti gene is associated with the yellow...

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Multiple Allele Traits

Multiple Allele Traits

The Concept of Multiple Allelism

X-linked Traits

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Tracing the Ferroptotic Signatures and Cell Death Dynamics in Medulloblastoma for Advanced Therapeutics

Author Spotlight: Tracing the Ferroptotic Signatures and Cell Death Dynamics in Medulloblastoma for Advanced Therapeutics

Published on: March 15, 2024

Why is FERONIA pleiotropic?

Alice Malivert¹, Olivier Hamant²

¹Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRAE, CNRS, Lyon, France.

|June 19, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

FERONIA is a key plant cell wall sensor. This study proposes FERONIA

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Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Molecular Plant Science
Cell Biology

Background:

The plant cell wall is crucial for structure, hydraulics, signaling, and immunity.
Monitoring cell wall status is vital for plant survival.
FERONIA, a receptor-like kinase, is a candidate cell wall sensor with many known interactions and roles.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify a unifying function for FERONIA despite its diverse known roles.
To understand the core function of FERONIA in plant cell wall biology.

Main Methods:

Revisiting diverse FERONIA phenotypes.
Analyzing biological and biochemical functions associated with FERONIA.

Main Results:

FERONIA exhibits a wide range of phenotypes and functions.
A unifying role for FERONIA in sensing turgor-dependent cell wall tension is proposed.

Conclusions:

FERONIA's primary role may be monitoring cell wall tension.
This turgor-sensing function could explain FERONIA's pleiotropy in various plant processes.