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Related Concept Videos

Deflection of a Beam01:19

Deflection of a Beam

311
Accurately determining beam deflection and slope under various loading conditions in structural engineering is crucial for ensuring safety and structural integrity. Singularity functions offer a streamlined approach to analyzing beams, especially when multiple loading functions complicate the bending moment equation.
Singularity functions, described in an earlier lesson, are powerful mathematical tools that represent discontinuities within a function commonly encountered in structural loading...
311
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element01:16

Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

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To understand shear on the flat side of a prismatic beam element, consider the vertical and horizontal shearing forces, and the normal forces, acting on the element. The element's upper (U) and lower (L) sections, which are divided by the beam's neutral axis, are examined. The equilibrium of these forces is determined by applying the equilibrium equation, which helps identify the horizontal shearing force. This force is directly related to the bending moments and the cross-section's...
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Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings01:17

Beams with Unsymmetric Loadings

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Analyzing a supported beam under unsymmetrical loadings is essential in structural engineering to understand how beams respond to varied force distributions. This analysis involves calculating the deflection and identifying points where the slope of the beam is zero, which are crucial for ensuring structural stability and functionality.
The first moment-area theorem determines the slope at any point on the beam. This theorem indicates that the change in slope between two points on a beam...
149
Beams with Symmetric Loadings01:15

Beams with Symmetric Loadings

219
The moment-area method is an analytical tool used in structural engineering to determine the slope and deflection of beams under various loads. Consider a cantilever with a concentrated load and moment at the free end. The first step is constructing a free-body diagram to calculate the reactions at the fixed end. Next, the bending moment diagram is plotted to visualize how the bending moment varies along the beam's length, focusing on points where the bending moment equals zero.
The M/EI...
219
Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending01:23

Design of Prismatic Beams for Bending

317
The design of prismatic beams, structural elements with a uniform cross-section, focuses on ensuring safety and structural integrity under load. The design process begins by determining the allowable stress, either from material properties tables, or by dividing the material's ultimate strength by a safety factor. This safety factor is essential for accommodating uncertainties, and varies depending on the material—timber, steel, or concrete—with each having unique strength and...
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Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Demonstration of Equal-Intensity Beam Generation by Dielectric Metasurfaces
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Highly Tunable Cascaded Metasurfaces for Continuous Two-Dimensional Beam Steering.

Lingyun Zhang1,2, Li Zhang1,2, Rongbo Xie1,2

  • 1Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|June 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new method for dynamic light control using cascaded metasurfaces with larger gaps. This breakthrough enables precise two-dimensional beam steering for applications like LiDAR and optical communication.

Keywords:
beam steeringcascaded metasurfacestunable metasurfaces

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Metasurface Technology

Background:

  • Cascaded metasurfaces offer dynamic light manipulation through mechanical tuning.
  • Current designs require sub-wavelength gaps, hindering practical implementation and far-field operation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel design paradigm for cascaded metasurfaces overcoming gap size limitations.
  • To demonstrate a practical, tunable two-dimensional (2D) beam-steering device.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a ray-tracing scheme for optimal metasurface operation at achievable gap sizes.
  • Designed a 2D beam-steering device based on the lateral translation of two cascaded metasurfaces.
  • Validated the design through simulations and experimental measurements at 1064 nm.

Main Results:

  • Achieved biaxial deflection angles of ±45° with ±3.5 mm lateral translations.
  • Maintained low light divergence (<0.007°).
  • Experimental results closely matched theoretical predictions with uniform optical efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed generalized design paradigm enables tunable cascaded metasurface devices.
  • This approach overcomes practical implementation challenges associated with small gap sizes.
  • The technology holds promise for applications in LiDAR and free-space optical communication.