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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

2.1K
The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
2.1K
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.1K
The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
2.1K
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.6K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Controlled Synthesis and Fluorescence Tracking of Highly Uniform PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Microgels
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Upconversion particle-assisted NIR polymerization enables microdomain gradient photopolymerization at

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Upconversion particles-assisted NIR polymerization (UCAP) enables photopolymer materials with high crosslinking and low shrinkage stress. This novel method enhances mechanical properties by releasing stress before gelation.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Photopolymerization

Background:

  • Achieving high crosslinking and low shrinkage stress simultaneously in photopolymers is challenging.
  • Conventional UV polymerization techniques often result in significant internal stress.
  • Performance-enhancing photopolymer materials require careful control over curing processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and investigate a novel photopolymerization method using upconversion particles-assisted NIR polymerization (UCAP).
  • To demonstrate UCAP's ability to reduce shrinkage stress while enhancing mechanical properties of cured materials.
  • To elucidate the unique mechanism by which UCAP achieves these improvements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing upconversion particles that emit UV-vis light upon NIR excitation.
  • Implementing a domain-limited gradient photopolymerization process centered on upconversion particles.
  • Monitoring the curing system's state (fluid, gelation) and functional group conversion.
  • Comparing mechanical properties and shrinkage stress with conventional UV polymerization.

Main Results:

  • UCAP induces gradient photopolymerization within particle-centered domains.
  • The curing system remains fluid until high functional group conversion, releasing stress before gelation.
  • UCAP-cured materials exhibit high gel point conversion and significantly lower shrinkage stress.
  • Materials cured via UCAP demonstrate superior mechanical properties compared to conventionally UV-cured counterparts.

Conclusions:

  • Upconversion particles-assisted NIR polymerization (UCAP) offers a unique mechanism to overcome the trade-off between crosslinking and shrinkage stress.
  • UCAP facilitates the preparation of high-performance photopolymer materials with enhanced mechanical strength and reduced internal stress.
  • This approach presents a promising advancement for developing advanced photopolymer applications.