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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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T-Cell Engagers in Solid Cancers-Current Landscape and Future Directions.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Pharmaceutical Technology

Background:

  • Monoclonal antibodies (e.g., targeting PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG3) revolutionized oncology by modulating anti-cancer immunity.
  • Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy offers potent anti-cancer immunity but faces significant logistical and resource challenges.
  • Bi-/trispecific antibody technology presents a novel approach for engaging effector immune cells against cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging field of bi-/trispecific T-cell engagers.
  • To explore the therapeutic opportunities of these novel agents.
  • To compare targeting extracellular versus intracellular tumor-associated antigens (TAAs).

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of bi-/trispecific antibody technology.
  • Analysis of current immunotherapies, including monoclonal antibodies and CAR-T therapy.
  • Evaluation of targeting strategies for tumor-associated antigens (TAAs).

Main Results:

  • Bi-/trispecific antibodies can facilitate effector immune cell engagement, offering 'off-the-shelf' therapeutic potential.
  • Targeting extracellular TAAs can lead to off-target toxicities.
  • Targeting intracellular TAAs may reduce off-target toxicities while maintaining antitumor efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Bi-/trispecific T-cell engagers represent a promising advancement in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Targeting intracellular TAAs with these agents may offer improved safety profiles.
  • This technology holds potential for developing novel, accessible anti-cancer therapies.