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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

In Vivo Immunogenicity Screening of Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles by Flow Cytometry of Splenic T Cells

Published on: September 23, 2021

Surface-Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy.

Vinith Johnson¹, Sunil Vasu², Uday S Kumar¹

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Tirupati 517619, India.

|June 22, 2023

Summary

Surface engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs) can reprogram tumor microenvironments (TME) for cancer immunotherapy. This review explores methods to modify EVs for enhanced anti-tumor immune responses.

Keywords:

apoptotic bodies cancer immunotherapy drug delivery system exosomes extracellular vesicles immunomodulation microvesicles surface engineering tumor immune microenvironment tumor-secreted EVs

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Area of Science:

Biotechnology
Cancer Research
Immunology

Background:

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by cells and mediate intercellular communication.
Tumor-secreted EVs can promote a pro-cancerous microenvironment and influence therapeutic outcomes.
Engineering EV surfaces offers a strategy to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME).

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in surface engineering of EVs for cancer immunotherapy.
To discuss how engineered EVs can modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) from pro-tumorigenic to anti-tumorigenic.
To highlight strategies, advantages, limitations, and future directions in EV surface modification.

Main Methods:

Physical engineering strategies for EV surface modification.
Chemical engineering strategies for EV surface modification.
Genetic engineering strategies for EV surface modification.

Main Results:

Surface modification enhances EV targeting specificity, immunogenicity, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetics.
Engineered EVs can be utilized to reprogram the TME for anti-tumor immunity.
Different engineering approaches offer distinct advantages and disadvantages for specific applications.

Conclusions:

Surface engineering of EVs is a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy.
Targeted EVs can modulate the TME, shifting it towards an anti-tumorigenic state.
Further research is needed to overcome current limitations and optimize EV-based therapies.