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A Reconfigurable Tri-Mode Frequency-Locked Loop Readout Circuit for Biosensor Interfaces.

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    A novel frequency-locked loop (FLL) based integrated circuit (IC) enables multimodal sensing of temperature, electrochemical signals, and pH. This low-power IC achieves high resolution for resistance, current, and voltage measurements, demonstrating its versatility for wireless sensing systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Integrated circuit design
    • Sensor interfacing
    • Wireless communication

    Background:

    • Traditional sensor readout circuits often require dedicated analog front-end components for different measurement types.
    • The integration of multimodal sensing capabilities into a single chip presents a challenge for miniaturization and power efficiency.
    • Existing solutions may lack the flexibility to interface with diverse off-chip sensors without significant re-design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a reconfigurable frequency-locked loop (FLL) based integrated circuit (IC) capable of multimodal sensor readout.
    • To demonstrate the IC's ability to measure resistance, current, and voltage without additional active analog front-end circuits.
    • To validate the performance of the prototype IC in various sensing applications and assess its power consumption and wireless transmission capabilities.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of a prototype IC using a 0.18 μm CMOS process.
    • Reconfiguration of a switched-capacitor feedback network within the FLL for different measurement modes (resistance, current, voltage).
    • Characterization of the IC's performance using off-chip sensors (thermistor, pH probe) and an on-chip potentiostat, including wireless transmission testing.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved input-referred resistance resolution of 10.5 Ω (100 Hz bandwidth).
    • Demonstrated temperature sensing with 16.4 mKrms resolution over 0-75 °C.
    • Exhibited current sensing with a range of 0.5 μA and noise as low as 40.6 pArms (100 Hz bandwidth).
    • Voltage mode achieved a minimum noise of 31.7 μVrms and pH measurement from 1.6 to 12.
    • Power consumption below 10 μW at 1.2 V supply across all modes.
    • Successful demonstration of a wireless multimodal sensing system with on-off keying (OOK) modulation.

    Conclusions:

    • The FLL-based readout IC offers a versatile and power-efficient solution for multimodal sensing.
    • The reconfigurable architecture eliminates the need for dedicated analog front-ends, simplifying system design.
    • The demonstrated wireless capabilities pave the way for integrated, low-power sensing systems.