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Related Concept Videos

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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Types of RNA01:23

Types of RNA

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 26, 2025

A Method for Measuring RNA N6-methyladenosine Modifications in Cells and Tissues
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Small RNA modifications: regulatory molecules and potential applications.

Qunli Xiong1,2, Yaguang Zhang3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics and Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Hematology & Oncology
|June 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Small RNAs (sRNAs) are vital molecules under 200 nucleotides. Their modifications influence cellular functions and hold potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords:
2′-O-methylation5-MethylcytosineMicroRNAN6-methyladenosinePIWI-interacting RNAPseudouridineRNA modificationsSmall RNAtRNA-derived small RNA

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Using In Vitro and In-cell SHAPE to Investigate Small Molecule Induced Pre-mRNA Structural Changes
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Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry
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Characterizing RNA Modifications in Single Neurons Using Mass Spectrometry

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Small RNAs (sRNAs), including miRNA, piRNA, and siRNA, are crucial nucleic acid molecules (<200 nucleotides) involved in cellular processes.
  • Emerging evidence highlights diverse nucleotide modifications in sRNAs that impact their stability, nuclear export, and signaling roles in cell biogenesis, proliferation, and differentiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular characteristics and cellular functions of small RNAs and their modifications.
  • To discuss current techniques for the reliable detection of small RNAs.
  • To explore the clinical relevance of small RNA modifications in diagnosing and treating human diseases, particularly cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on small RNA biology and modifications.
  • Analysis of existing methodologies for small RNA detection and characterization.
  • Synthesis of findings related to the clinical applications of small RNA modifications.

Main Results:

  • Small RNAs exhibit diverse modifications affecting their function and cellular localization.
  • Reliable detection techniques are crucial for understanding small RNA roles.
  • Small RNA modifications present potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diseases like cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Small RNA modifications are key determinants of their biological activity.
  • Advancements in detection methods are essential for clinical translation.
  • Further research into small RNA modifications could revolutionize cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.