Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 26, 2025

Method of Studying Palatal Fusion using Static Organ Culture
Published on: September 19, 2015
Psychosocial Outcomes in Children with Cleft Lip and/or Palate: Associations of Demographic, Cleft Morphologic, and
Canice E Crerand1,2, Amy L Conrad3, Claudia Crilly Bellucci4
1Center for Biobehavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
Objective:
To determine associations of demographic, morphologic, and treatment protocol parameters with quality of life (QoL), appearance/speech satisfaction, and psychological adjustment.
Design:
Observational study utilizing retrospective report of protocol variables and current outcome variables.
Setting:
Six North American cleft treatment clinics.
Participants:
Children, ages 8.0-10.99 years, with Cleft Lip ± Alveolus, Cleft Palate, Cleft Lip and Palate, and parents (N = 284).
Outcome Measures:
Pediatric QoL Inventory (PedsQL): Parent, Child, Family Impact Module (FIM); Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS); Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL); CLEFT-Q.
Results:
Outcome scores were average with few differences by cleft type. Multiple regression analyses yielded significant associations (Ps < .05) between socioeconomic status, race, and age at assessment and parent- and self-reported measures. Females had higher PROMIS Depression (β=.20) but lower CBCL Affective (β = -.16) and PROMIS Stigma scores (β= -.24). Incomplete cleft lip was associated with lower PROMIS Depression, and more positive ratings of CLEFT-Q: Nose, Nostril, Lip Scar; CBCL Competence scores, (βs = -.17 to .17). Younger Age at Lip Closure was associated with higher CBCL School Competence (β= -.18). Younger Age at Palate Closure was associated with higher Child PedsQL Total, Physical, Psychosocial QoL, and better CLEFT-Q Speech Function (βs = -.18 to -.15). Furlow Palatoplasty was associated with more CBCL Externalizing Problems (β = .17) higher CBCL Activities (β = .16). For all diagnoses, fewer Total Cleft-Related Surgeries was associated with lower PROMIS Stigma and higher CBCL Total Competence and Activities (βs = -.16 to .15).
Conclusions:
Demographic characteristics, lip morphology, and treatment variables are related to later psychological functioning.
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