Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

44.8K
Overview
44.8K
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

366
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
366
Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

719
Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
719
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

694
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
694
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

433
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
433
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

68
Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
68

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A decision-theoretic framework for uncertainty quantification in epidemiological modelling.

American journal of epidemiology·2026
Same author

Estimating the Potential Burden of Clinically Significant Hantavirus Cases in Argentina.

The Lancet regional health. Europe·2026
Same author

Non-linear age dynamics of malaria infection and fine-scale environmental exposure in rural Uganda.

BMC medicine·2026
Same author

Shared risk factors for malaria and schistosomiasis co-infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PLoS neglected tropical diseases·2026
Same author

Increased activity in broiler chickens is associated with better feed conversion.

Poultry science·2026
Same author

Early individualized risk prediction using clinical data for children during the febrile phase of dengue in outpatient settings in Vietnam and Thailand.

PLOS digital health·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
08:52

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

10.7K

Optimality of Maximal-Effort Vaccination.

Matthew J Penn1, Christl A Donnelly2,3,4

  • 1Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3LB, UK. matthew.penn@st-annes.ox.ac.uk.

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology
|June 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Maximizing vaccination during epidemics is proven to reduce infections and deaths. This study mathematically demonstrates this principle within the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) model and introduces a more accurate vaccination model.

Keywords:
EpidemicsEpidemiologySIR ModellingVaccination

More Related Videos

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
07:44

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Published on: May 12, 2023

1.2K
Author Spotlight: Optimizing CFU Determination for Efficient Assessment of TB Vaccine Efficacy and Antigen Presentation Analysis
06:26

Author Spotlight: Optimizing CFU Determination for Efficient Assessment of TB Vaccine Efficacy and Antigen Presentation Analysis

Published on: July 28, 2023

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
08:52

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

10.7K
Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
07:44

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Published on: May 12, 2023

1.2K
Author Spotlight: Optimizing CFU Determination for Efficient Assessment of TB Vaccine Efficacy and Antigen Presentation Analysis
06:26

Author Spotlight: Optimizing CFU Determination for Efficient Assessment of TB Vaccine Efficacy and Antigen Presentation Analysis

Published on: July 28, 2023

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Maximal vaccination is widely accepted as the optimal strategy to mitigate epidemic spread and mortality.
  • However, rigorous mathematical proof for this principle under multi-group Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) dynamics has been lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a formal mathematical proof that increasing vaccination effort reduces total infections and deaths in an epidemic.
  • To introduce and validate a novel vaccination model that more accurately reflects real-world distribution dynamics, using COVID-19 data.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel mathematical proof within the SIR epidemiological framework to demonstrate the relationship between vaccination effort and epidemic outcomes.
  • Constructed a new vaccination model assuming random distribution within subgroups, contrasting it with existing literature models.

Main Results:

  • Proved that total infections and deaths decrease as vaccination effort increases within the SIR model.
  • The novel vaccination model, validated with COVID-19 data, offers a more realistic representation of vaccination dynamics compared to conventional models.

Conclusions:

  • The study confirms that intensified vaccination is a guaranteed strategy to minimize epidemic impact, supported by mathematical evidence.
  • The novel vaccination model enhances the accuracy of epidemic simulations and policy-making, applicable across various vaccination strategies.