Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 25, 2025
Study Design for Navigated Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Speech Cortical Mapping
Published on: March 24, 2023
Tolerability of transcranial magnetic stimulation language mapping in children
Hansel M Greiner1, Ellen Maue1, Paul S Horn1
1Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Univeristy of Cincinnati, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
Objective:
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a viable non-invasive method for mapping language networks. Little is known about the tolerability of transcranial magnetic stimulation language mapping in children.
Methods:
Children aged 5-18 years underwent bilateral language mapping using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to target 33 sites/hemisphere. Stimulation was delivered at 5 Hz, in 1-2 second bursts, during visual naming and auditory verb generation. Pain unpleasantness and pain intensity were assessed using an unpleasantness visual analog scale (VAS).
Results:
49 participants tolerated motor mapping and had repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. 35/49 (71%) completed visual naming and 26/49 (53%) completed both visual naming and verb generation. Mean electrical field per participant was 115 V/m. Young age and lower language ability were associated with lower completion. Visual analogue scale scores were significantly higher (6.1 vs. 2.8) in participants who withdrew early compared to those who completed at least visual naming.
Conclusions:
Pain measured by VAS was a major contributor to early withdrawal. However, a complete bilateral map was obtained with one paradigm in 71% of participants. Future studies designed to reduce pain during repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over language cortex will boost viability.
Significance:
This study represents the first attempt to characterize tolerability of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation language mapping in healthy children.
