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Related Concept Videos

Uncertainty: Overview00:59

Uncertainty: Overview

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In analytical chemistry, we often perform repetitive measurements to detect and minimize inaccuracies caused by both determinate and indeterminate errors. Despite the cares we take, the presence of random errors means that repeated measurements almost never have exactly the same magnitude. The collective difference between these measurements - observed values - and the estimated or expected value is called uncertainty. Uncertainty is conventionally written after the estimated or expected value.
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments02:46

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Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error01:10

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

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The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...
559
Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

738
An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
738
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

15.6K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision03:37

Uncertainty in Measurement: Accuracy and Precision

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Scientists typically make repeated measurements of a quantity to ensure the quality of their findings and to evaluate both the precision and the accuracy of their results. Measurements are said to be precise if they yield very similar results when repeated in the same manner. A measurement is considered accurate if it yields a result that is very close to the true or the accepted value. Precise values agree with each other; accurate values agree with a true value. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities
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Quantifying uncertainties associated with reference dosimetry in an MR-Linac.

Viktor Iakovenko1, Brian Keller2, Victor N Malkov3

  • 1Division of Medical Physics and Engineering, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.

Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics
|June 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study quantifies uncertainties in magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiation therapy dosimetry, finding chamber setup significantly impacts dose accuracy. These findings will inform best practices for MR-guided radiotherapy reference dosimetry.

Keywords:
MR-LinacMRgRTionization chambermagnetic fieldreference dosimetryuncertaintiesuncertainty budget

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Irradiator Commissioning and Dosimetry for Assessment of LQ α and β Parameters, Radiation Dosing Schema, and in vivo Dose Deposition
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Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Oncology
  • Radiotherapy Dosimetry

Background:

  • Magnetic resonance (MR)-guided radiation therapy (MRgRT) enables adaptive radiotherapy with real-time imaging.
  • Clinical adoption of MRgRT precedes dosimetry formalism adaptations for strong magnetic fields.
  • Quantifying magnetic field effects on dosimetry uncertainty is crucial for MRgRT systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and quantify key sources of uncertainty in reference dosimetry for external high-energy radiotherapy beams.
  • To evaluate the impact of strong magnetic fields on these dosimetry parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the TG-51 protocol with a magnetic field quality conversion factor (kBQ).
  • Quantified uncertainties in dosimetry parameters and their contribution to the final dose.
  • Performed measurements using ionization chambers on a 1.5 T MR-Linac (Unity, Elekta AB).

Main Results:

  • Chamber setup (translational displacement and rotation) significantly impacts MR-linac reference dose uncertainty.
  • Rotational uncertainties were larger in the horizontal plane compared to the vertical plane.
  • Quantified uncertainties in Pion, Ppol, and Prp; provided combined conversion factor kQ × kB,Q.

Conclusions:

  • Quantified uncertainties in parameters influencing reference dosimetry in MR-guided systems.
  • Results support developing best practice guidelines for MR-guided radiotherapy reference dosimetry.
  • Findings aid in establishing an uncertainty budget for future MR-linac dosimetry protocols.