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Related Concept Videos

Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes01:30

Bacterial Phylum Spirochaetes

Spirochetes, unique bacteria in the phylum Spirochaetes, are gram-negative, motile, tightly coiled, slender, and flexible. They inhabit aquatic sediments and animals, with some causing diseases like syphilis. Spirochetes are classified into eight genera based on habitat, pathogenicity, phylogeny, and characteristics.Their distinctive motility arises from endoflagella, located within the cell’s periplasm. These endoflagella anchor at the cell poles and extend along the cell length, encased by a...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria
13:54

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria

Published on: April 2, 2013

The compromised host and Legionnaires' disease.

L D Saravolatz, K H Burch, E Fisher

    Annals of Internal Medicine
    |April 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary

    Legionnaires' disease in immunosuppressed patients can be severe, leading to necrotizing pneumonia. Intravenous erythromycin showed good response, with rifampin aiding further improvement in some cases.

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    Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

    Published on: February 22, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Infectious Diseases
    • Pulmonology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Legionnaires' disease bacterium can cause severe pneumonia, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
    • Immunosuppression in patients was linked to underlying illnesses, corticosteroid therapy, and other immunosuppressive agents.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment outcomes of Legionnaires' disease in immunosuppressed patients.

    Main Methods:

    • Diagnosis involved culture of lung tissue and bronchial washings, direct fluorescent antibody staining, and serologic testing.
    • Treatment efficacy was assessed for oral and intravenous erythromycin, with and without rifampin.

    Main Results:

    • Eight immunosuppressed patients were diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease over seven months.
    • Clinical presentation mimicked other bacterial pneumonias in compromised hosts.
    • Two patients developed necrotizing pneumonia with abscess formation and respiratory failure.
    • Oral erythromycin was ineffective; intravenous erythromycin yielded good responses in six patients.
    • Two patients improved further with the addition of rifampin.

    Conclusions:

    • Legionnaires' disease can be severe in immunocompromised hosts.
    • Prompt diagnosis via open lung biopsy and specialized microbiologic tests is crucial.
    • Intravenous erythromycin is a viable treatment, and rifampin may offer additional benefit.