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Related Concept Videos

Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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Obesity and diabetes.

Chrysoula Boutari1, Antea DeMarsilis2, Christos S Mantzoros3

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
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PubMed
Summary

Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) share mechanisms, impacting inflammation and endocrine function. Managing obesity improves related conditions like T2DM, cardiovascular disease, and NAFLD.

Keywords:
AntidiabeticsCardiovascular diseaseDiabetes mellitusNonalcoholic fatty liver diseaseObesityT2DM management

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases
  • Pathophysiology of Chronic Illnesses

Background:

  • Obesity is a global pandemic frequently co-occurring with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • Shared pathophysiological pathways link obesity and T2DM, including inflammation, endocrine dysfunction from adipose tissue, and mitochondrial issues.
  • Obesity-related conditions such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) share these pathophysiological links.

Approach:

  • This review synthesizes current literature on the obesity-T2DM association.
  • It details the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms connecting these conditions.
  • It outlines management strategies for patients with co-existing obesity and T2DM.

Key Points:

  • Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to systemic inflammation and altered endocrine signaling.
  • T2DM is characterized by inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hyperinsulinemia, mirroring aspects of obesity.
  • Effective management of obesity through lifestyle changes, pharmacotherapy, or bariatric surgery can positively impact T2DM and associated comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Obesity and T2DM are interconnected metabolic disorders with overlapping pathophysiological features.
  • Understanding these shared mechanisms is crucial for effective clinical management.
  • Integrated treatment approaches targeting obesity are essential for improving outcomes in T2DM and related diseases.