Influence of Surface Flows on the Shape of Fractal Domains

Tidal breathing is associated with a 30% change of the surfactant-covered alveolar surface occurring about 16 times per minute. To model this highly dynamic process, erucic acid monolayers at the air-water interface were compressed fast. Brewster angle microscopy imaged the fractal liquid-condensed (LC) domains and quantified the surface flow in size, direction, and duration. Radial branch distribution of the domains has a minimum in the flow direction, as was shown with directionality histograms. The fast Fourier transform of the domains shows a preferential growth perpendicular to the flow direction. Additionally, at the beginning of the flow, the downstream side of the domain grows faster than the upstream side. Surface flows act on the mm to cm scale, cause an anisotropic flow in the liquid expanded phase surrounding the LC domain, and affect the overall domain shape. On the μm-scale, the dendritic or seaweed domains' branches were only slightly disturbed. These results may help to understand pulmonary surfactant layers.