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Updated: Sep 20, 2026
Detecting Behavioral Deficits in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: January 30, 2018
A meta-analytic review examining the validity of executive functioning tests to predict functional outcomes in
Carl R Krynicki1,2, Christopher A Jones2,3, David A Hacker3
1School of Psychology, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Objectives:
Deficits in executive functioning are a common consequence of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and the severity of TBI is known to predict functional outcomes. In this review, the authors examine the ability of three commonly used tests of executive functioning [The Trail Making Test (TMT-B), The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Verbal Fluency (VF)] to predict domains of function.
Methods:
Seven hundred and twenty articles were identified and twenty-four met inclusion criteria (original articles published in English examining an adult TBI population). Data were subject to a study quality analysis and then meta-analyzed to assess whether tests of executive functioning (TMT-B, WCST, and VF) can predict functional, employment, and driving outcomes following a TBI.
Results:
The TMT-B (r = 0.29; 95% CI 0.17-0.41) and the WCST (r = 0.20; 95% CI 0.02-0.37) were significantly associated with functional outcomes. The TMT-B was also associated with a person's ability to return to driving (r = 0.3890; 95% CI 0.2678-0.5103). No test of executive functioning was associated with employment outcomes following a TBI.
Conclusion:
These findings are important to guide rehabilitation strategies and future planning. This review has also highlighted the scarcity of research on specific outcomes.
