Base- or acid-assisted polystyrene plastic degradation in supercritical CO₂

Plastic has caused serious "white pollution" to the environment, and the highly inert characteristics of plastic bring a major challenge for degradation. Supercritical fluids have unique physical properties and have been widely used in various fields. In this work, supercritical CO₂ (Sc-CO₂) with mild conditions was selected and assisted by NaOH/HCl solution to degrade polystyrene (PS) plastic, and the reaction model was designed using response surface methodology (RSM). It was found that, regardless of the types of assistance solutions, the factors affecting PS degradation efficiencies were reaction temperature, reaction time, and NaOH/HCl concentration. At the temperature of 400 °C, time of 120 min, and base/acid concentration of 5% (in weight), 0.15 g PS produced 126.88/116.99±5 mL of gases with 74.18/62.78±5 mL of H₂, and consumed 81.2/71.5±5 mL of CO₂. Sc-CO₂ created a homogeneous environment, which made PS highly dispersed and uniformly heated, thus promoting the degradation of PS. Moreover, Sc-CO₂ also reacted with the degradation products to produce new CO and more CH₄ and C₂H (x=4, 6). Adding NaOH/HCl solution not only improved the solubility of PS in Sc-CO₂, but also provided a base/acid environment that reduced the activation energy of the reaction, and effectively improved the degradation efficiencies of PS. In short, degrading PS in Sc-CO₂ is feasible, and better results are obtained with the assistance of base/acid solution, which can provide a reference for the disposal of waste plastics in the future.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42768-023-00139-1.