GCC Countries Strategic Options in a Global Transition to Zero-Net Emissions

Using a multi-level perspective approach combined with top-down macroeconomic models, we analyze the situation of the GCC countries in the perspective of a global transition to zero-net emissions before the end of the century. Based on these analyses, we propose strategic and political options for these oil and gas exporting countries. We show that it would be unwise for GCC member states to adopt an obstructionist strategy in international climate negotiations. On the contrary, these countries could be proactive in developing international emissions trading market and exploiting negative emissions obtained from CO₂ direct reduction technologies, in particular direct air capture with CO₂ sequestration, and thus contribute to a global net-zero-emissions regime in which clean fossil fuels are still used.