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Introduction
Exercise stress testing, commonly known as a treadmill test, is a noninvasive procedure used to evaluate cardiovascular function and diagnose heart conditions.
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Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
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The Expanded Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-3): Towards Reliable and International Screening of Exercise-Related

Umberto Granziol1, Mark D Griffiths2, Liye Zou3

  • 1Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padua, Italy.

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction
|June 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The Exercise Addiction Inventory-3 (EAI-3) shows promise for assessing exercise addiction internationally. This expanded tool demonstrates reliable structure across languages and sexes, aiding in identifying problematic exercise patterns.

Keywords:
Cross-cultural validationExercise Addiction InventoryExercise addictionExercise dependenceMeasurement invariance

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Sports Medicine
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Exercise addiction (EA) is characterized by excessive exercise, loss of control, and negative health consequences.
  • The Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) is a common assessment tool, but its cross-cultural validity and comprehensiveness are limited.
  • Existing EAI lacks assessment of pathological patterns like guilt, exercising through injury, and experienced harm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the psychometric properties of an expanded Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-3) in a large, international sample.
  • To evaluate the reliability, factorial structure, and measurement invariance of the EAI-3 across different languages and sexes.
  • To establish a cutoff score for identifying individuals prone to dysfunctional exercise behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Administered the EAI-3 to 1931 adult exercisers across five languages (Chinese, German, Italian, Japanese, Turkish).
  • Utilized factorial analyses to assess the scale's structure and reliability.
  • Conducted measurement invariance testing across languages and sex, and calculated a cutoff score using sensitivity and specificity analysis.

Main Results:

  • The EAI-3 demonstrated a two-factor structure reflecting both positive and pathological aspects of exercise.
  • The scale exhibited excellent reliability and good fit indices, with supported configural and metric invariances.
  • Partial measurement invariance testing indicated an adequate data fit, and a cutoff score of 34 (out of 48) was determined.

Conclusions:

  • The EAI-3 is a promising and reliable tool for screening exercise addiction in international populations.
  • The scale's structure is robust and comparable across different languages and sexes.
  • The proposed cutoff score may contribute to a standardized threshold for identifying exercise addiction.