Recent Developments in Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer: A Narrative Review

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Molecular Biology
• Genetics

Background:

• Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer death globally.
• High incidence and mortality rates underscore its public health significance.
• Genetic and epigenetic alterations drive CRC development.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer.
• To focus on biomarkers in stool, blood, and tumor tissue.
• To update on novel biomarkers including microRNAs, cfDNA, and microbiome signatures.

Main Methods:

• Narrative review of current literature.
• Focus on molecular mechanisms like APC/β-catenin pathway and microsatellite instability.
• Examination of emerging biomarkers such as microRNAs, Piwi-interacting RNAs, and microbiome.

Main Results:

• Biomarkers are crucial for early CRC detection and prognosis.
• Specific molecular pathways (APC/β-catenin, microsatellite, CpG island hypermethylation) are implicated.
• Microbiota composition may influence colon carcinogenesis.

Conclusions:

• Early detection and effective biomarkers significantly improve CRC prognosis.
• Metastatic CRC prognosis remains poor due to late diagnosis and treatment resistance.
• Emerging biomarkers like microRNAs, cfDNA, and microbiome signatures show promise for CRC management.