In vitro fermentation of Gracilaria lemaneiformis and its sulfated polysaccharides by rabbitfish gut microbes

This study intended to characterize the Gracilaria lemaneiformis (SW)-derived polysaccharide (GLP) and explore the fermentation aspects of SW and GLP by rabbitfish (Siganus canaliculatus) intestinal microbes. The GLP was mainly composed of galactose and anhydrogalactose (at 2.0:0.75 molar ratio) with the linear mainstay of α-(1 → 4) linked 3,6-anhydro-α-l-galactopyranose and β-(1 → 3)-linked galactopyranose units. The in vitro fermentation results showed that the SW and GLP could reinforce the short-chain fatty (SCFAs) production and change the diversity and composition of gut microbiota. Moreover, GLP boosted the Fusobacteria and reduced the Firmicutes abundance, while SW increased the Proteobacteria abundance. Furthermore, the adequacy of feasibly harmful bacteria (such as Vibrio) declined. Interestingly, most metabolic processes were correlated with the GLP and SW groups than the control and galactooligosaccharide (GOS)-treated groups. In addition, the intestinal microbes degrade the GLP with 88.21 % of the molecular weight reduction from 1.36 × 10⁵ g/mol (at 0 h) to 1.6 × 10⁴ g/mol (at 24 h). Therefore, the findings suggest that the SW and GLP have prebiotic potential and could be applied as functional feed additives in aquaculture.