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Competition

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid Zones

Hybrid zones are narrow regions where two closely related species interact, mate, and produce hybrids. Relative to either parent species, hybrids may possess distinct phenotypic or genetic differences that impact their survival and reproductive success. The genetic variances introduced by hybridization influence species diversity and speciation processes within the hybrid zone.

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction (i.e., fitness). Routine predator-prey interactions elicit mutual adaptations that improve predator offenses, such as claws, teeth, and speed, as well as prey defenses, including crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry. Thus, predator-prey interactions resemble an evolutionary arms race.

What is a Species?

What is a Species?

Symbiosis

Symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...

Frequency-dependent Selection

Frequency-dependent Selection

When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Boldness, Aggression, and Shoaling Assays for Zebrafish Behavioral Syndromes

Boldness, Aggression, and Shoaling Assays for Zebrafish Behavioral Syndromes

Published on: August 29, 2016

Interspecific behavioural interference and range dynamics: current insights and future directions.

Christophe W Patterson¹, Jonathan P Drury¹

¹Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society

|June 26, 2023

Summary

Interspecific behavioral interference significantly impacts species

Keywords:

elevational gradients interspecific aggression interspecific behavioural interference invasion biology range dynamics range shift reproductive interference systematic review

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Area of Science:

Ecology
Evolutionary Biology
Behavioral Ecology

Background:

Species' range dynamics are influenced by biotic interactions in changing environments.
Previous research focused on trophic interactions and resource competition, neglecting behavioral interference.
Interspecific behavioral interference (e.g., territoriality, mating) can alter species distributions and survival.

Conclusions:

Interspecific behavioral interference is a significant factor in species' range dynamics.
Future research should integrate behavioral interference into ecological models (e.g., species distribution models) for better predictions.