Molecularly or atomically precise nanostructures for bio-applications: how far have we come?

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Materials Science
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Nanostructures show promise for biomedical applications but face challenges in practical use.
• Limited structural precision hinders quality control, accurate dosing, and performance repeatability.
• Developing molecule-like precise nanoparticles is an emerging research area.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review artificial nanomaterials with molecular or atomic precision.
• To describe the synthesis, bio-applications, and limitations of these precise nanomaterials.
• To provide a perspective on their clinical translation potential for nanomedicine.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of up-to-date studies on precise nanomaterials.
• Focus on DNA nanostructures, metallic nanoclusters, dendrimer nanoparticles, and carbon nanostructures.
• Analysis of synthesis methods, bio-applications, and limitations.

Main Results:

• Identified DNA nanostructures, metallic nanoclusters, dendrimer nanoparticles, and carbon nanostructures as key examples of precise nanomaterials.
• Detailed their respective synthetic strategies and current bio-applications.
• Highlighted limitations and challenges for each type of nanomaterial.

Conclusions:

• Molecularly or atomically precise nanomaterials are crucial for advancing nanomedicine.
• Further research into synthesis and application is needed for clinical translation.
• This review provides a rationale for designing next-generation nanomedicines with enhanced precision.