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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Tympanic membrane01:14

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Assessing tympanic membrane temperature involves using a tympanic membrane thermometer (TMT). Here is a step-by-step guide:
Step 1: Begin by practicing good hand hygiene to prevent the transmission of microorganisms.
Step 2: Turn on the thermometer and wait until the ready sign appears on the screen to ensure accurate measurement.
Step 3: Slide the probe cover in place to prevent cross-contamination.
Step 4: Instruct the patient to tilt their head to the side for comfort and check for cerumen...
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Computed Tomography01:10

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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
The technique was invented in the 1970s and is based on the principle that as X-rays pass through the body, they are absorbed or reflected at different levels. In the technique, a patient lies on a motorized platform while a computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner rotates...
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Assessment of middle ear structure and function with optical coherence tomography.

Sebastiaan W F Meenderink1, Michael Warn2, Laura M Anchondo1

  • 1VA Loma Linda Healthcare System, Loma Linda, CA, USA.

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|June 27, 2023
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Summary

Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) noninvasively visualizes middle ear anatomy and function. This technology can assess tympanic membrane and ossicle vibrations, aiding conductive hearing loss diagnosis.

Keywords:
Optical coherence tomographyconductive hearing lossmiddle earmiddle ear sound transmissionossiclestympanic membrane

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Current clinical tests for middle ear (ME) injuries and conductive hearing loss (CHL) are time-consuming and expensive.
  • Existing methods lack noninvasive, real-time assessment of both ME structure and function.
  • Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) offers structural and functional evaluation but is underutilized in audiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt a commercial Spectral-Domain OCT (SD-OCT) system for evaluating human ME anatomy.
  • To measure sound-evoked vibrations of the tympanic membrane (TM) and ossicles using SD-OCT.
  • To assess the potential of SD-OCT for diagnosing ME conditions causing CHL.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a commercial SD-OCT system on fresh human temporal bones.
  • Captured high-resolution 3D images of the middle ear.
  • Employed phase-sensitive vibrometry, with software adaptations, to measure sound-induced vibrations of the TM and ossicles.

Main Results:

  • Generated 3D thickness maps of the tympanic membrane.
  • Observed multiple modes of TM vibration, increasing in complexity with frequency.
  • Measured vibrations transmitted through the TM to the incus, quantifying sound transmission.
  • Successfully quantified middle ear sound transmission, a key metric for CHL assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Adapted SD-OCT successfully visualizes human ME anatomy and function.
  • SD-OCT demonstrates potential for revolutionizing point-of-care assessment of ME pathologies.
  • This technology can identify ME disruptions leading to CHL, which are often missed by otoscopy.