Etiology, Predisposing Factors, Clinical Features and Diagnostic Procedure of Otomycosis: A Literature Review

Area of Science:

• Mycology
• Infectious Diseases
• Otolaryngology

Background:

• Otomycosis (OM) is a prevalent superficial fungal infection affecting the external auditory canal (EAC), with a global prevalence of 9-30%.
• Commonly implicated fungi include Aspergillus niger complex and Candida spp., alongside other yeasts and molds.
• Geographical distribution shows a higher incidence in regions like Iran, India, China, Egypt, Mexico, and Brazil, often linked to tropical/subtropical climates.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the epidemiology, causative agents, diagnosis, and treatment of otomycosis.
• To highlight the importance of laboratory confirmation for accurate diagnosis.
• To discuss current therapeutic approaches in the absence of official guidelines.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on otomycosis.
• Analysis of epidemiological data, causative organisms, and diagnostic methods.
• Compilation of information on treatment options for otomycosis.

Main Results:

• Otomycosis presents in various forms (acute, subacute, chronic) and can be unilateral or bilateral, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
• Risk factors include tropical/subtropical climates, specific hygiene practices, antibiotic use, diabetes, and immunodeficiency.
• Laboratory evidence via microscopy and cultivation is crucial for diagnosis, distinguishing OM from other ear infections.

Conclusions:

• Accurate diagnosis of otomycosis is essential and relies on laboratory findings.
• Current treatment lacks standardized guidelines, with topical antifungals (polyenes, imidazoles, allylamines) and systemic options (triazoles) used based on severity.
• Further research into standardized diagnostic and therapeutic protocols for otomycosis is warranted.