Using Balancing Weights to Target the Treatment Effect on the Treated when Overlap is Poor

Inverse probability weights are commonly used in epidemiology to estimate causal effects in observational studies. Researchers often focus on either the average treatment effect or the average treatment effect on the treated with inverse probability weighting estimators. However, poor overlap in the baseline covariates between the treated and control groups can produce extreme weights that can result in biased treatment effect estimates. One alternative to inverse probability weights are overlap weights, which target the population with the most overlap on observed covariates. Although estimates based on overlap weights produce less bias in such contexts, the causal estimand can be difficult to interpret. An alternative to model-based inverse probability weights are balancing weights, which directly target imbalances during the estimation process, rather than model fit. Here, we explore whether balancing weights allow analysts to target the average treatment effect on the treated in cases where inverse probability weights lead to biased estimates due to poor overlap. We conduct three simulation studies and an empirical application. We find that balancing weights often allow the analyst to still target the average treatment effect on the treated even when overlap is poor. We show that although overlap weights remain a key tool, more familiar estimands can sometimes be targeted by using balancing weights.