Tumor Markers and Their Prognostic Value in Sinonasal ITAC/Non-ITAC

One of the rare tumor entities present in the nose and paranasal sinuses is sinonasal (non-) intestinal-type adenocarcinoma (ITAC/non-ITAC). Currently, surgery with postoperative radiotherapy is the cornerstone of the treatment of these tumors. Systemic treatment is usually applied in a palliative setting. The prognosis of these tumors is very diverse. Biomarkers that may have prognostic value in these rare malignancies could help clinicians in decision-making. A systematic search of the literature was performed using the PubMed database. All studies investigating the prognostic significance of biomarkers in paranasal sinus ITAC/non-ITAC were retrieved. The findings were categorized within the hallmarks of cancer, to gain an understanding of the functions of possible prognostic biomarkers in the development of ITAC/non-ITAC. There were twenty-one studies reporting on twenty-one possible biomarkers included in the review. The expression of Mucin antigen sialosyl-Tn, C-erbB-2 oncoprotein, TIMP3 methylation, TP53, VEGF, ANXA2, MUC1 and the mucinous histological subtype were found to have a significant negative effect on survival. None of the biomarkers were found to have a positive effect on prognosis. The hallmarks 'activating invasion and metastasis' and 'sustaining proliferative signaling' seem to play the largest role in sinonasal (non-)ITAC. It could be concluded that there are multiple biomarkers foreboding a negative prognosis for ITAC/non-ITAC patients.