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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Recent Advances in CAR-Based Solid Tumor Immunotherapy.

Min Hwa Shin1, Eunha Oh1, Yunjeong Kim1

  • 1Immune Research Institute, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea.

Cells
|June 28, 2023
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Summary

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered immune cells, including CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M, show promise for solid tumor immunotherapy. Researchers are exploring advanced CAR designs and alternative immune cells to overcome challenges like the tumor microenvironment and antigen specificity.

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CAR-MCAR-NKCAR-Tcancer immunotherapy

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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Hypoxia-Sensitive CAR-T Therapy for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is effective for blood cancers but faces challenges in solid tumors, including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), poor infiltration, and lack of specific antigens.
  • Recent CAR-T advancements like co-stimulatory domains and armored CAR-T cells show potential but require further development.
  • Natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages (M) are emerging as alternative CAR-engineered platforms for solid tumor immunotherapy due to their unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in engineered immune cell-based cancer immunotherapies for solid tumors.
  • To discuss the challenges and future perspectives of CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M therapies.
  • To summarize ongoing clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of these engineered immune cells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on CAR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M cell therapies.
  • Analysis of advancements in CAR cell design and engineering strategies.
  • Compilation of data from ongoing clinical trials for engineered immune cells targeting solid tumors.

Main Results:

  • CAR-T cells demonstrate efficacy in hematological malignancies but struggle with solid tumors.
  • CAR-NK cells offer 'off-the-shelf' availability and low toxicity, showing clinical improvements.
  • CAR-M cells possess potential due to macrophages' ability to infiltrate the TME of solid tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered immune cells, particularly CAR-NK and CAR-M, present promising therapeutic avenues for solid tumors.
  • Overcoming TME-related challenges and identifying tumor-specific antigens remain critical for enhancing efficacy.
  • Ongoing clinical trials are crucial for validating the safety and effectiveness of these advanced immunotherapies.