Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

11.2K
Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
11.2K
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

66.7K
Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
66.7K
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

8.6K
Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
8.6K
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

2.5K
After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
2.5K
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

12.2K
Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
12.2K
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

7.0K
Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
7.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Uncovering the Secret of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Secretome: From Extracellular Vesicle Cargo to Neuroprotection.

Cells·2026
Same author

Microglial Extracellular Vesicles Mediate C1q Deposition at the Pre-Synapse and Promote Synaptic Pruning.

Journal of extracellular vesicles·2025
Same author

Microglia-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Oligodendrocyte Maturation by Transcriptionally Regulating Mitochondrial Molecular Pathways.

Cellular and molecular neurobiology·2025
Same author

Human Umbilical Cord-Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Microglia.

Cells·2024
Same author

Extracellular vesicles released by microglia and macrophages carry endocannabinoids which foster oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Frontiers in immunology·2024
Same author

Changes in glial cell activation and extracellular vesicles production precede the onset of disease symptoms in transgenic hSOD1<sup>G93A</sup> pigs.

Experimental neurology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells
11:47

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells

Published on: April 3, 2019

9.2K

P2X7 Receptor and Extracellular Vesicle Release.

Maria Teresa Golia1, Martina Gabrielli1, Claudia Verderio1

  • 1National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|June 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Activation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) triggers extracellular vesicle release from immune and brain cells, impacting inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. This process facilitates intercellular transfer of bioactive components, including misfolded proteins.

Keywords:
P2X7 receptorextracellular vesiclesinflammationneurodegeneration

More Related Videos

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
16:36

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Published on: May 18, 2009

14.7K
Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
10:46

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

Published on: July 16, 2013

16.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells
11:47

Real-time Live-cell Flow Cytometry to Investigate Calcium Influx, Pore Formation, and Phagocytosis by P2X7 Receptors in Adult Neural Progenitor Cells

Published on: April 3, 2019

9.2K
Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels
16:36

Proteomics to Identify Proteins Interacting with P2X2 Ligand-Gated Cation Channels

Published on: May 18, 2009

14.7K
Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
10:46

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

Published on: July 16, 2013

16.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is an ATP-gated ion channel prevalent in immune and brain cells.
  • P2X7R activation is intrinsically linked to the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs).
  • EVs mediate intercellular communication by transferring bioactive molecules, including proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current research on the role of P2X7 receptor activation in extracellular vesicle release.
  • To discuss the implications of P2X7R-mediated EV release in disease pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating P2X7R and extracellular vesicles.
  • Analysis of mechanisms underlying P2X7R-induced EV release.
  • Examination of the cargo and function of EVs released upon P2X7R activation.

Main Results:

  • P2X7R activation promotes the secretion of non-classical proteins via EVs.
  • EVs released through P2X7R signaling can transfer misfolded proteins between cells.
  • This process is implicated in the progression of inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions.

Conclusions:

  • P2X7R is a key regulator of extracellular vesicle release and function.
  • Dysregulation of P2X7R-mediated EV release contributes to disease.
  • Targeting P2X7R may offer therapeutic strategies for inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.