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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model
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Comprehensive Cardiovascular and Renal Protection in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.

Almudena Castro Conde1, Domingo Marzal Martín2, Raquel Campuzano Ruiz3

  • 1Cardiology Department, University Hospital La Paz, 28046 Madrid, Spain.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|June 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Type 2 diabetes management requires early intervention focusing on lifestyle and medications proven to reduce complications. This consensus emphasizes comprehensive vascular risk control, including weight management and new protective drugs.

Keywords:
GLP-1 receptor agonistsSGLT2 inhibitorscardiovasculardiabetesglycated hemoglobinrenal

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Cardiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a major global health issue.
  • It significantly increases the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease, heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and mortality.
  • Early intervention is crucial for managing T2DM and its severe complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated, comprehensive approach to managing Type 2 diabetes and its complications.
  • To emphasize global cardiovascular risk control alongside metabolic control.
  • To guide specialists in optimizing patient care.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a consensus document by a multidisciplinary team (endocrinologists, primary care physicians, internists, nephrologists, cardiologists).
  • Focus on evidence-based strategies for T2DM management.
  • Review of current therapeutic options and their cardiovascular benefits.

Main Results:

  • Highlights the importance of intensifying lifestyle changes in early T2DM phases.
  • Recommends prioritizing drugs proven to reduce cardiovascular complications.
  • Advocates for including weight management as a therapeutic goal.
  • Supports the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors for cardiovascular protection.

Conclusions:

  • A holistic approach is necessary for managing T2DM, integrating metabolic and vascular risk control.
  • Deprescribing medications without proven cardiovascular benefit is recommended.
  • GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors are established as key cardiovascular protective agents in T2DM management.