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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Anorexia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of weight gain, an unrelenting pursuit of thinness, and a distorted body image. It often leads to dangerously low body weight relative to an individual's age and height. This disorder is marked by significant physical and psychological consequences, making it one of the most life-threatening psychiatric illnesses.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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A Swin Transformer-Based Model for Thyroid Nodule Detection in Ultrasound Images
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Thyroid Nodules and Obesity.

Elpida Demetriou1, Maria Fokou1, Savvas Frangos2

  • 1Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Obesity promotes thyroid nodules through inflammation and hormonal changes. Key hormones like leptin and insulin, along with metabolic syndrome, drive thyroid cell growth and cancer development.

Keywords:
carcinogenesiscytokinesestrogeninflammationleptinmetabolic syndromeobesitythyroid nodules

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Obesity is linked to increased systemic inflammation, a key factor in thyroid nodule development.
  • Hormones such as leptin, estrogen, and insulin, along with metabolic syndrome components, play significant roles in thyroid pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms by which obesity contributes to thyroid nodule formation and progression.
  • To discuss the clinical implications of obesity in thyroid nodule pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on the molecular and cellular pathways involved.
  • It examines the roles of specific hormones, inflammatory markers, and metabolic factors.

Main Results:

  • Leptin promotes thyroid nodule and cancer growth via inflammatory pathways (TNF, IL-6) and signaling cascades (JAK/STAT, MAPK, PI3K/Akt).
  • Aberrant estrogen levels, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia associated with metabolic syndrome stimulate thyroid proliferation and angiogenesis.
  • Insulin resistance impacts thyroid vasculature, while insulin and TSH influence thyroid gene expression and cell proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • Obesity-related factors are crucial in the development and progression of thyroid nodules and cancer.
  • Understanding these mechanisms may lead to novel clinical strategies for managing thyroid disease in obese individuals.