360-Degree Perspectives on Obesity.

Area of Science:

• Public Health
• Metabolic Disorders
• Obesity Research

Background:

• Over 2 billion people worldwide are affected by excessive weight, constituting approximately 30% of the global population.
• Obesity is a complex public health crisis with multifactorial etiology, including genetic, environmental, and lifestyle influences.
• Key pathogenic mechanisms include oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and dysbiosis, contributing to obesity and its complications.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of obesity as a major public health challenge.
• To emphasize the need for an integrative approach considering obesity's complex etiology and treatment synergies.
• To highlight emerging therapeutic strategies and the necessity for further research.

Main Methods:

• Review of preclinical research in animal models to elucidate obesity mechanisms.
• Analysis of clinical practice findings and therapeutic options.
• Consideration of genetic, environmental, lifestyle, stress, digital food environment, and stigma factors.

Main Results:

• Preclinical studies have elucidated key mechanisms in obesity pathogenesis.
• Clinical translation has yielded promising therapeutic options like epigenetic approaches, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery.
• Emerging factors like stress and the obesogenic digital environment require attention.

Conclusions:

• An integrative approach is crucial for effective obesity management.
• Further research is needed for novel compounds, drug delivery, treatment combinations, and monitoring biomarkers.
• Addressing the escalating global obesity crisis requires immediate and concerted action.