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Oligosaccharide Assembly

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...

Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope

Outer Layers of the Cell Envelope

The outermost layers of prokaryotic cells play a critical role in their survival, virulence, and interaction with the environment. These layers, often composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or proteins, form protective and adhesive structures that vary in organization and function.Capsules and Slime LayersCapsules are highly organized, tightly bound layers that firmly attach to the bacterial cell wall. Capsules are usually made of polysaccharides, though some are made of polypeptides. These...

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...

Peptidoglycan Synthesis

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Structure of PeptidoglycanPeptidoglycan is a vital structural component of the bacterial cell wall, providing mechanical strength and shape to the cell. It consists of repeating units of two sugars—N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)—linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. These sugar chains are cross-linked by short peptide chains, forming a mesh-like polymer that surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane.Cytoplasmic Phase – Precursor SynthesisPeptidoglycan biosynthesis begins in...

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...

Bacterial Phylum Bacteroidota

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Purification and Visualization of Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative Bacteria by Hot Aqueous-phenol Extraction

Purification and Visualization of Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative Bacteria by Hot Aqueous-phenol Extraction

Published on: May 28, 2012

Exopolysaccharides Producing Bacteria: A Review.

Alexander I Netrusov^1,2, Elena V Liyaskina³, Irina V Kurgaeva³

¹Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia.

|June 28, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are versatile biopolymers with unique properties. This review highlights their diverse applications in medicine, industry, and environmental remediation, discussing current limitations and future prospects.

Keywords:

bacterial cellulose bacterial exopolysaccharides bacterial strains environmental remediation levan xanthan

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Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins

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Last Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Purification and Visualization of Lipopolysaccharide from Gram-negative Bacteria by Hot Aqueous-phenol Extraction

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Published on: May 28, 2012

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Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins

Looking Outwards: Isolation of Cyanobacterial Released Carbohydrate Polymers and Proteins

Published on: May 27, 2019

Area of Science:

Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Polymer Science
Microbiology

Background:

Bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) are natural biopolymers with significant industrial and biomedical relevance.
Their unique properties include biocompatibility, biodegradability, and various biological activities like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Key examples of industrially important bacterial EPS include xanthan, bacterial cellulose, and levan.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current research on bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS).
To summarize their properties, biological functions, and applications across various scientific and industrial fields.
To discuss the characteristics and isolation of EPS-producing bacterial strains.

Main Methods:

Literature review of current research on bacterial exopolysaccharides.
Analysis of properties, biological functions, and applications of EPS.
Overview of xanthan, bacterial cellulose, and levan.

Main Results:

Bacterial EPS exhibit a wide range of beneficial properties and biological activities.
They have diverse applications in biomedicine, food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and environmental remediation.
The review covers isolation sources, characteristics, and specific examples like xanthan, bacterial cellulose, and levan.

Conclusions:

Bacterial exopolysaccharides are valuable biopolymers with broad applicability.
Further research is needed to overcome current limitations and explore new applications.
Future directions include optimizing production and exploring novel functionalities of bacterial EPS.