Investigations on the Fatigue Behavior of 3D-Printed and Thermoformed Polylactic Acid Wrist-Hand Orthoses

Additively manufactured wrist-hand orthoses (3DP-WHOs) offer several advantages over traditional splints and casts, but their development based on a patient's 3D scans currently requires advanced engineering skills, while also recording long manufacturing times as they are commonly built in a vertical position. A proposed alternative involves 3D printing the orthoses as a flat model base and then thermoforming them to fit the patient's forearm. This manufacturing approach is faster, cost-effective and allows easier integration of flexible sensors as an example. However, it is unknown whether these flat-shaped 3DP-WHOs offer similar mechanical resistance as the 3D-printed hand-shaped orthoses, with a lack of research in this area being revealed by the literature review. To evaluate the mechanical properties of 3DP-WHOs produced using the two approaches, three-point bending tests and flexural fatigue tests were conducted. The results showed that both types of orthoses had similar stiffness up to 50 N, but the vertically built orthoses failed at a maximum load of 120 N, while the thermoformed orthoses could withstand up to 300 N with no damages observed. The integrity of the thermoformed orthoses was maintained after 2000 cycles at 0.5 Hz and ±2.5 mm displacement. It was observed that the minimum force occurring during fatigue tests was approximately -95 N. After 1100-1200 cycles, it reached -110 N and remained constant. The outcomes of this study are expected to enhance the trust that hand therapists, orthopedists, and patients have in using thermoformable 3DP-WHOs.