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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 25, 2025

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo
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Deconstructing Olfactory Epithelium Developmental Pathways in Olfactory Neuroblastoma.

John B Finlay1,2,3, Ralph Abi Hachem2, David W Jang2

  • 1Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.

Cancer Research Communications
|June 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals distinct cellular and molecular changes in high-grade olfactory neuroblastoma, identifying globose basal cells and CD8 T cells as increased. It also uncovers new prognostic markers like SOX9 for improved olfactory neuroblastoma management.

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Identification of OTX1 and OTX2 As Two Possible Molecular Markers for Sinonasal Carcinomas and Olfactory Neuroblastomas
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An Organotypic Slice Assay for High-Resolution Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Genomics
  • Nasal Cavity Tumors

Background:

  • Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare nasal cavity tumor with poorly understood pathobiology due to limited research models.
  • Understanding its cellular and molecular drivers is crucial for improving patient prognosis and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cellular and molecular factors in low- and high-grade olfactory neuroblastoma using advanced biocomputational approaches.
  • To identify transcriptomic markers that can predict prognosis in olfactory neuroblastoma patients.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed bulk RNA-sequencing and survival data from 19 olfactory neuroblastoma samples and 10 normal olfactory epithelium samples.
  • Employed a bulk RNA-sequencing deconvolution model to identify cellular composition changes.
  • Utilized trajectory analysis to explore regulatory pathways and survival analysis to identify prognostic markers.

Main Results:

  • High-grade olfactory neuroblastoma showed increased globose basal cell (GBC) and CD8 T-cell populations.
  • Significant decreases in mature neuronal, Bowman's gland, and olfactory ensheathing cell programs were observed in high-grade tumors.
  • Identified PRC2 as a potential regulatory pathway and SOX9, S100B, and PLP1 as favorable prognostic markers.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides insights into the cellular and molecular landscape of olfactory neuroblastoma, differentiating between low- and high-grade tumors.
  • Identified potential new prognostic markers that could aid in clinical management and further research for olfactory neuroblastoma.