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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polyprotic Acids03:38

Polyprotic Acids

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Acids are classified by the number of protons per molecule that they can give up in a reaction. Acids such as HCl, HNO3, and HCN that contain one ionizable hydrogen atom in each molecule are called monoprotic acids. Their reactions with water are:
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

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Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
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Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

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Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
A graph with the alpha values is plotted against the volume of...
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Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene
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Study on depolymerization kinetics of formic acid dimers in binary mixture.

Yufei Han1,2, Zian Wang2, Ru Qiao1

  • 1Hangzhou Institute of Advanced Studies, College of chemistry and life sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 1108 Gengwen Road, Hangzhou 311231, Zhejiang, P. R. China. zdwhg@163.com.

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|June 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals how formic acid structures change in methanol and acetonitrile mixtures. As concentration decreases, cyclic dimers transform into open dimers and finally monomers, a process confirmed by spectroscopy.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Physics
  • Molecular Spectroscopy
  • Solution Chemistry

Background:

  • Formic acid exists in various forms (monomer, dimer) in solution.
  • Understanding these structures is crucial for chemical kinetics and reaction mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural changes of formic acid in binary mixtures.
  • To quantify the concentration-dependent depolymerization of formic acid.
  • To establish a spectroscopic method for analyzing solution structures and kinetics.

Main Methods:

  • Polarization Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze C=O vibrations.
  • High-resolution infrared spectroscopy quantified spectral contributions.
  • Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) examined concentration-triggered kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Four distinct C=O vibration peaks were identified for formic acid.
  • Decreasing formic acid concentration shifted structures from cyclic dimers to monomers.
  • Spectroscopic results were consistent across Raman, infrared, and 2D-COS analyses.

Conclusions:

  • Polarization Raman and infrared spectroscopy can differentiate formic acid structures.
  • Concentration directly influences the depolymerization kinetics of formic acid.
  • This study offers a robust spectroscopic approach for analyzing chemical mixtures.