Introduction to Pediatric Sleep Medicine

Sleep is a key component of life to maintain our health, performance, safety and quality of life. In fact, sleep has been implicated in the optimal functioning of all organ systems - brain, heart, lung, metabolism, immune function, and hormonal balance too. One of the most common reasons for poor-quality sleep in children is a group of conditions termed sleep disordered breathing (SDB). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most severe form of SDB. A good history and clinical examination is likely to reveal features of SDB including snoring, restless sleep, morning sleepiness, irritability or exhibit signs of hyperactivity. Examination may also reveal evidence of underlying pathology e.g., Craniofacial abnormalities, obesity and neuromuscular disorders that creates higher risk of developing SDB. Further investigation using polysomnography (PSG) is considered a gold-standard assessment of SDB and allows for scoring using Obstructive Apnoea-Hypopnea scale. Adenotonsillectomy is used as the first-line management in patients who otherwise have normal anatomy. Parents often approach their pediatricians with concerns regarding their child's sleeping habits and given the significant role sleep has on child development, it is essential that doctors are equipped to provide good care and advice for this population. This article aims to summarise presentation of SDB and common risk factors, investigations and management options to aid clinicians in managing SDB.