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Trace metals with heavy consequences on bees: A comprehensive review.

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Trace metals and metalloids (TMM) pose a significant threat to bee populations, impacting them at multiple levels. Further research is needed to understand both lethal and sublethal effects on diverse bee species.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Pollinator Health

Background:

  • Human activities increasingly impact ecosystems, creating stressors for wildlife.
  • Bees, crucial pollinators, face numerous environmental challenges.
  • Trace metals and metalloids (TMM) are emerging as a significant threat to bee populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review existing research on the effects of TMM on bees.
  • To synthesize findings from laboratory and field studies.
  • To identify knowledge gaps regarding TMM impacts on bee health.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of 59 studies assessing TMM effects on bees.
  • Analysis of exposure routes (soluble, insoluble, nanoparticles) and plant interactions.
  • Examination of bee sensory perception, detoxification mechanisms, and impact levels.

Main Results:

  • TMM exposure affects bees at community, individual, physiological, histological, and microbial levels.
  • Most studies focus on the western honey bee, primarily examining lethal effects.
  • Bees are often exposed to TMM in combination with other stressors like pesticides and parasites.

Conclusions:

  • TMM are widespread environmental contaminants with detrimental consequences for bees.
  • Further investigation into lethal and sublethal TMM effects is crucial for all bee species.
  • Understanding combined stressors is vital for effective bee conservation strategies.