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    Area of Science:

    • Quantum Information Science
    • Quantum Cryptography
    • Experimental Physics

    Background:

    • Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) ideally uses Gaussian modulation.
    • Experimental limitations lead to discretized polar modulation (DPM), degrading parameter estimation accuracy.
    • DPM causes overestimation of excess noise in CV-QKD systems.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop an accurate estimation method for excess noise in DPM CV-QKD.
    • To model and correct the bias introduced by DPM.
    • To enhance the efficiency and feasibility of DPM CV-QKD.

    Main Methods:

    • Modeling DPM-induced estimation bias as a quadratic function of modulation resolutions.
    • Implementing a calibration scheme based on a closed-form expression for the quadratic bias.
    • Utilizing statistical analysis of model residuals to define bounds for excess noise and secret key rate.

    Main Results:

    • The DPM-induced estimation bias is shown to be a quadratic function of modulation resolutions in the asymptotic case.
    • The proposed calibration scheme effectively eliminates estimation bias, demonstrated by a 14.5% reduction with specific parameters (modulation variance=25, excess noise=0.02).
    • The method provides upper and lower bounds for estimated excess noise and secret key rate, respectively.

    Conclusions:

    • The quadratic bias model and calibration scheme provide accurate excess noise estimation in DPM CV-QKD.
    • This approach enhances the practical feasibility and efficiency of CV-QKD systems employing DPM.
    • Accurate parameter estimation is crucial for secure and reliable quantum key distribution.