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Updated: Jul 25, 2025

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Tm:CALGO lasers at 2.32 µm: cascade lasing and upconversion pumping.

Hippolyte Dupont, Pavel Loiko, Aleksey Tyazhev

    Optics Express
    |June 29, 2023
    PubMed
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    Optics express·2026

    This study demonstrates the first laser operation of a disordered Thulium (Tm3+) doped Calcium Gadolinium Aluminum Oxide (CaGdAlO4) crystal. The Tm:CaGdAlO4 laser shows potential for ultrashort pulse generation in the 2.3-2.5 µm range.

    Area of Science:

    • Solid-state laser physics
    • Materials science
    • Quantum electronics

    Background:

    • Thulium (Tm3+) doped lasers are crucial for mid-infrared applications.
    • Disordered crystals offer unique optical properties but face challenges like bottleneck effects.
    • CaGdAlO4 is a novel host material for rare-earth doping.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To report the first laser operation of a disordered Tm:CaGdAlO4 crystal.
    • To investigate strategies for overcoming the bottleneck effect in Tm3+ lasers.
    • To evaluate the potential of Tm:CaGdAlO4 for generating ultrashort pulses.

    Main Methods:

    • Direct diode laser pumping at 0.79 µm.
    • Exploitation of cascade lasing and dual-wavelength pumping schemes.

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  • Measurement of excited-state absorption spectra for polarized light.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved 264 mW output power at 2.32 µm with 22.5% slope efficiency (vs. absorbed pump power).
    • Cascade lasing yielded 585 mW at 1.77 µm and 2.32 µm with 28.3% slope efficiency.
    • Dual-wavelength pumping resulted in 357 mW output power at 2.32 µm.

    Conclusions:

    • Disordered Tm:CaGdAlO4 is a viable gain medium for 2.32 µm laser operation.
    • Cascade and dual-wavelength pumping effectively mitigate the bottleneck effect.
    • Broadband emission suggests potential for ultrashort pulse generation in the mid-infrared.