Mediastinal Mass as an Initial Presentation of Acute Myeloid Leukemia in a Young Man

A 29-year-old male, hemodynamically stable, presented with chest pain radiating to the interscapular region, with no fever, cough, dyspnea, or other constitutional symptoms. He had right cervical lymphadenopathy on physical examination. Investigations revealed a 3.1 cm anterior mediastinal nodular mass, peripheral immature blood cells, and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow core biopsy findings were consistent with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The mediastinal mass was resected via robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Histopathology revealed involvement of the mediastinal adipose tissue with myeloid sarcoma. Molecular testing showed TP53 mutation, signifying a poor prognosis. The patient failed several lines of therapy and expired. This case demonstrates an atypical presentation of AML and emphasizes the criticality of early detection in individuals who do not exhibit the usual symptoms associated with the disease. The presence of immature cell lines in peripheral blood should prompt an investigation to determine bone marrow involvement in an otherwise healthy young adult.