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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
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Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Genetics of diabetes.

Shiwali Goyal1, Jyoti Rani2, Mohd Akbar Bhat3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmic Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National Eye Institute, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.

World Journal of Diabetes
|June 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health crisis. This review explores genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors contributing to diabetes and its complications, addressing the "missing heritability" puzzle.

Keywords:
Common variantsGenome-wide association studiesGestational diabetes mellitusMaturity-onset diabetes of youngRare variantsType 1 diabetesType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a complex, rapidly growing global disease with severe macrovascular and microvascular complications.
  • Despite advances, clinical risk factors and glycemic control alone do not predict vascular complications, indicating a significant genetic component.
  • Current genetic research explains only a fraction of diabetes heritability, necessitating further investigation into underlying causes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex etiology of diabetes mellitus, focusing on genetic, epigenetic, and environmental interactions.
  • To explore potential explanations for the "missing heritability" in diabetes.
  • To discuss the clinical value of current discoveries, diabetes management strategies, and future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on diabetes mellitus genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors.
  • Analysis of technological advancements such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS), next-generation sequencing, and exome sequencing.
  • Synthesis of findings related to uncommon variants, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetics in diabetes.

Main Results:

  • Genetic variants identified through advanced technologies explain only a small portion of diabetes heritability.
  • Uncommon genetic variants, gene-environment interactions, and epigenetic modifications are likely contributors to the "missing heritability" of diabetes.
  • The interplay of these factors is crucial for understanding disease development and predicting complications.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the complex genetic architecture, including uncommon variants and epigenetic factors, is vital for a comprehensive approach to diabetes management.
  • Further research into gene-environment interactions and epigenetics is essential to unravel the full heritability of diabetes.
  • Integrating genetic insights with clinical data can improve prediction, prevention, and personalized treatment of diabetes and its complications.